Пълна английска граматика
от Уикикниги
CONJUNCTIONS
TIME when , until, till , after ,before , since , while at first , but then
Janet was in her room when her mother called.
He waited until she came.
After Peter had gone to bed he read a book.
PLACE where
He didn't know where he had put his purse.
REASON because, so , therefore / that's why
He couldn't help them because he had no time.
She was ill and so she couldn't go to the party.
CONTRAST but
This city is nice to visit but I wouldn't like to live there.
RELATIVE CLAUSESES who , which , that
This is the man who won the race.
Is this the car which he bought last summer.
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION nice / kind / good / stupid / silly / intelligent / clever / sensible (1) / (im)polite / rude (2) / unreasonable (3) OF someone (to do something):
Thank you it was very nice / kind of you to help me.
It's stupid of her to go out without a coat.
nice / kind / good / (im)polite / rude / (un)pleasant (4) / (un)friendly / cruel TO someone:
She has always been very nice / kind to me.
Why are you so rude / unfriendly to Ann?
angry / furious (5) ABOUT something // WITH someone FOR something:
Why are you so angry about it?
They were furious with me for not inviting them to my party.
pleased (6) / disappointed (7) / satisfied (8) WITH something:
I was pleased with the present you gave me.
Were you disappointed with your examination results?
bored / fed up (9) WITH something:
You get bored / fed up with doing the same thing every day.
surprised (10) / shocked / amazed (11) / astonished (12) AT / BY something:
Everyone was surprised by /at the news.
exited / worried / upset (13) ABOUT something:
Are you exited about going on holiday next week?
afraid / scared (14) / frightened / terrified OF someone / something
Are you afraid of dogs?
proud / ashamed (15) OF someone / something:
I'm not ashamed of what I did.
good / bad / excellent / brilliant / hopeless (16) AT (doing) something:
I'm not very good at repairing things.
married TO someone
Linda is married to an American.
sorry ABOUT something:
I'm sorry about the noise last night.
sorry FOR doing something
I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.
be / feel sorry FOR someone
I feel sorry for George.
famous FOR something:
Florence is famous for its art treasures.
responsible (17) FOR something:
Who was responsible for this noise last night?
interested IN something:
Are you interested in art?
fond (18) OF something / someone:
Mary is fond of animals.
full OF something:
The letter was full of mistakes.
short OF (19) something:
I'm a bit short of money.
keen ON (20) something:
We stayed at home because Mary wasn't very keen on going out in the rain.
similar TO (21) something:
Your writing is similar to mine.
crowded WITH (22) (people,...)
The city was crowded with tourists.
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB
THE DIFFERENCE
An adjective tells us more about a noun. Example: an expensive car, a clever girl An adverb tells us more about a verb. Example: He talked nervously.
THE ADVERB
HOW TO FORM Adjective + ly sad sadly quiet quietly nervous nervously soft softly Adjectives ending in -y »»» ily happy happily angry angrily
Adjectives ending in le »»» ly
terrible terribly capable capably Adjectives ending in ly friendly in a friendly way / manner daily daily lively in a lively way / manner early early lonely in a lonely way / manner monthly monthly lovely in a lovely way / manner weekly weekly silly in a silly way / manner yearly yearly Irregular forms good well low low fast fast straight straight hard hard extra extra long long doubtless doubtless
Double forms
hard hard hardly near near nearly late late lately
HOW TO USE THE ADVERB
Verb + adverb The adverb describes a verb Example: He drove carefully.
verb adverb She sold her house quickly verb adverb
The adverb describes an adjective Example: Her necklace was horribly expensive.
adverb adjective She was terribly sorry. adverb adjective
The adverb describes an adverb Example: They played terribly badly.
adverb adverb He did his homework absolutely correctly. adverb adverb No adverb with the following verbs
forms of to be: am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been, had been seem get turn grow sound look feel taste become smell
THE MODAL VERBS CAN - MAY - MUST
NO -s after he, she, it He can speak English. She may go there. It must sleep now.
NO do, does in questions and negation Can you come? Sorry, I cannot. May he come to your party? No, he must not. She can not come at 10.
Note: As modal verbs don’t have a past form (except can) and a past participle (3rd form) you can only use them with the present tense. CAN – TO BE ABLE TO I can drive. = I am able to drive. Present tense Past tense Present perfect Will - future I am able to drive. was able to drive. have been able to drive. will be able to drive. He, she, it is able to drive. was able to drive. has been able to drive. will be able to drive. You, we, they are able to drive. were able to drive. have been able to drive. will be able to drive.
MUST – HAVE TO I must learn. = I have to learn. Present tense Past tense Present perfect Will – future I, you, we, they have to learn. had to learn. have had to learn. will have to learn. He, she, it has to learn. had to learn. has had to learn. will have to learn. MAY – BE ALLOWED TO I may go out – I am allowed to go out Present tense Past tense Present perfect Will – future I am allowed to go out. was allowed to go out. have been allowed to go out. will be allowed to go out. he, she, it is allowed to go out. was allowed to go out. has been allowed to go out. will be allowed to go out. you, we, they are allowed to go out. were allowed to go out. have been allowed to go out. will be allowed to go out.
MODAL VERBS 2
can cannot We can speak English. to be able to to be not able to They were able to run faster. may may not On this road wild animals may cross. to be allowed to to be not allowed to She wasn't allowed to go to the party must need not In this park you must keep off the lawn. should should not The road is dangerous. You should drive carefully. need must not Children only need to pay half the price.
FUTURE TENSE The will - future is used: 1. to talk about future actions we can't influence or control. 2. to fortell future actions or to express hopes, expectations, fears, offers, promises, refusals,... . Key words: I’m sure, I believe, I expect, I hope, I suppose, I think, I'm afraid, I wonder, I fear, I worry, I promise, I guess or perhaps, possibly, surely, probably, maybe 3.
with I / we for spontaneous reactions or making promises
I shall is sometimes used instead of I will. The going to - futur is used: 1. to talk about future things you intend to do, plan, oder decided to do Did you know that Sarah is in hospital? No, I didn’t. I’ll visit her this afternoon. (spontaneous reaction (spontane Reaktion) »»» will - future) Yes, I’m going to visit her next month. (planned action (Absicht, geplante Aktion) »»» going to - future) 2.to fortell future actions for which we have proofs that they are going to happen. The present progressive is used:to talk about future things that are fixed, planned or definitely decided The speaker must refer to the future and not to the present. I am visiting my grandparents tomorrow. What are you doing next Friday? The present simple is used:to talk about times of arrivals and departures of traffic and times of events. The train leaves at 10.20. The bus goes at 8.30. When does the concert begin? CONDITIONAL CLAUSES General statements and facts If there is a problem I can always talk to Carol. PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE It's possible that . . . (talking about the future) - Conditional I Colin is an intelligent boy. It is April 15th. The exam is on April 23rd. He has enough time to learn for the exam - he can pass it. If he studies he will pass the exam on April 23rd. PRESENT TENSE WILL FUTURE It's possible but not very probable . . . (talking about a future situation) - Conditional II Colin didn't learn. He played football. It' April 22nd. Tomorrow is the exam. It is possible but not very probable that he will pass the exam. If he studied he would pass the exam. PAST TENSE CONDITIONAL PRESENT (would + base form) It didn't happen and it is impossible now . . . (talking about a past situation) - Conditional III It's April 23rd. Colin didn't pass the exam. If he had learned he would have passed the exam. PAST PERFECT CONDITIONAL PERFECT (would + have + 3rd form)
Conditional clauses express General statements, actions that are certainly happening and facts If I have a problem she always helps me. It's possible If he comes I will be happy. It's not probable If he came I would be happy. It's unpossible If he had come I would have been happy.
THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Monosyllabic adjectives are compared with -er, -est. positive comperative superlative strong stronger strongest small smaller smallest late later latest nice nicer nicest big bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest fat fatter fattest
London is bigger than Vienna. Disyllabic adjectives ending with y, er, ow, le are compared with -er, -est.
positive comperative superlative easy easier easiest happy happier happiest clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest
What is the easiest exercise? All the other adjectives are compared with more, most.
positive comperative superlative careful more careful most careful expensive more expensive most expensive difficult more difficult most difficult tired more tired most tired terrible more terrible most terrible Which dress is more expensive? Which dress is the most expensive?
Irregular forms positive comperative superlative good better best bad worse worst much more most many more most little less least
(not) as ... as - (nicht) genauso ... wie
Ann is as tall as Mary. I think tomorrow it will be as hot as today. This test was not as difficult as the last one.
THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS a) With a noun b) Without a noun This is my house. No, it's mine. Is this your bike? No, it's yours. This is his book. Yes, it's his. Her pullover is green. No, hers is brown. Here is its ball. Yes, it's its. We like our dog. This dog is ours. Is this your car? Yes, it's yours. This is their telephone. No, it isn't theirs.
ASKING QUESTIONS Who - asking for a person and animal: subject: no do, does, did Jane opened the door. Who opened the door? Tom helped in the garden. Who helped in the garden? Who - asking for a person and animal: object: do, does, did They greet their teacher. Who do they greet? He asked Mary about the burglary. Who did they ask about the burglary? What - asking for a thing: subject: no do, does, did His ankle hurt. What hurts? The flower pot fell on the floor. What fell on the floor? What - asking for a thing: object: do, does, did She usually wears jeans. What does she usually wear? They built a castle in the sand. What did they build in the sand? Whose - asking for the 2nd case This is Peter’s pencil. Whose pencil is this? Carol’s father was a drummer. Whose father was a drummer? When - asking for the time I saw her yesterday. When did you see her? They came home at midnight. When did they come home? Where - asking for the place He flew to Manchester. Where did he fly? He lives in a big house. Where does he live? Why - asking for a reason He stayed at home because he was ill. Why did he stay at home? They like him because he is always friendly. Why do they like him? How - asking for the manner He drove fast. How did he drive? My holidays were great. How were your holidays? How long - asking for a period of time They stayed there for a week. How long did they stay there? He lived in London for a year. How long did he live in London? How many - asking for an exact amount In this factory work 500 people. How many people work in this factory? 50 kids were at his party. How many kids were at his party? How much - asking for not exact amount He gets 10 pounds pocket money a month. How much pocket money does he get a month? She bought three bottles of wine. How much wine did she buy? How often - asking for frequency They play tennis twice a week. How often do they play tennis? She meets him every Friday. How often does she meet him?
AM - IS - ARE Long form Short form Example Negation Question I am I'm I am late. I am not late. Am I late? You are You're You are clever. You are not (aren't) clever. Are you clever? He is He's He is happy. He is not (isn't) happy. Is he happy? She is She's She is hungry. She is not (isn't) hungry. Is she hungry? It is It's It is cold. It is not (isn't) cold. Is it cold?
We are We're We are late. We are not (aren't) late. Are we late? You are You're You are sleepy. You are not (aren't) sleepy. Are you sleepy? They are They're They are great. They are not (aren't) great Are they great?
PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS I my you your he his she her it Its we our you your they their
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
How to form: I, you, we, they have (not) + 3rd form he, she, it has (not) + 3rd form is used, if an action happened in the past and there is a connection to the present. There's no exact time expressed when the action happened. Key words:already,just,yet,ever,never,for,since,so far,up to now,not yet,lately PAST PRESENT Nick has gone on holiday. result He is not in the office. Have you ever been to Italy? connection with the present Do you know Italy? No, I have never been there. He has already met Sue. connection with the present He likes her. He has just eaten something bad. connection with the present He feels bad now. He has been in Spain for ten days. connection with the present He is still there. He has been in Spain since Friday. connection with the present He is still there.
IRREGULAR VERBS LIST
Infinitive (1st form) Past simple (2nd form) Past participle (3rd form) (to) be (I)was, (you) were been am is was been are were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burn burned/burnt burned/burnt buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lead led led learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood overtake overtook overtaken pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken spell spelt spelt spend spent spent split split split spoil spoilt spoilt spread spread spread stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum take (away) took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood upset upset upset wake up woke up woken up wear wore worn win won won write wrote written
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AT ON We use at with times: We use on with dates and days: at 5 o’clock - at 11.45 - at midnight - at lunchtime on 12 March - on Friday(s) - on Friday morning(s) Tom usually gets up at 7 o’clock. on Sunday afternoon(s) - on Saturday night(s)
on Christmas Day (but at Christmas)
We use at in these expressions: at night - at Christmas - at the moment / at present - at the same time - at weekends - at the age of... IN DURING We use in for longer periods of time: We use during + noun to say when something happens: in April - in 1986 - in winter - in the 19th century - in the 1970s - in the morning(s) / in the afternoon(s) / in the evening(s) during the film - during our holiday - during the night In + period of time = a time in the future: I fell asleep during the film. Jack will be back in a week. We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday. The train will leave in a few minutes. In + how long it takes to do something: I learned to drive in four weeks. FOR SINCE We use for + a period of time: We use since + a period of time: for six years - for two hours - for a week since April - since 1992 - since 8 o’ clock I’ve lived in this house for six years. They have been watching TV for two hours. It has been raining since one o’ clock. They’ve known each other since they were at school. UNTIL FROM - TO We use until/till to say how long a situation continues: We use from - to + beginning and end of a period: Let’s wait until it stops raining. I stayed in bed until half past nine. Last evening we watched TV from 5 to 8 o’ clock.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 1 ) AT - IN - ON General Information: AT ON We use at for a point: We use on for a surface: at the window - at the entrance - at the door on the wall - on the ceiling - on the floor - on a page at the end of the street - at the station - at the top on a cover Bill is waiting for you at the bus stop. Have you seen the notice on the notice board? IN We use in for an enclosed space: in the garden - in the house - in London - in the water in her bag - in a row - in a town There is nobody in the room. She lives in a small village. Special Information: AT 1. We say that someone is at an event: 2. We say at with buildings when we say where the event (film, concert,...) takes place: at a party - at a pop concert - at a conference - at a meeting Where where you yesterday? At the cinema. Tom is at a party. The meeting took place at the headquarters. 3. We say at someone's house: 4. We say at for a place which is a part of our jouney: We were at Bill's house last Thursday. We stopped at a very nice village. Does the train stopp at Nashville? ON 1. We use on with small islands: 2. We say that a place is on the coast / on a river / on a road: She spent her holiday on a small island. London is on the river Thames.
Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.
IN 1. We say in when we talk about a building itself. 2. We usually say in with towns and villages: The rooms of Tom's house are small. His parents live in York. Note these expressions: AT at home - at work - at school - at university - at college - at the station - at an airport - at the seaside - at sea (on a voyage) - at reception - at the corner of a street - at the back / front of a building / cinema / group of people, etc. - arrive at with other places or events IN in the newspaper - in bed - in hospital - in prison - in the street - in the sky - in an armchair (sit) - in a photograph - in a picture - in a mirror - in the corner of a room - in the back / front of a car - arrive in a country or town ON on a farm - on the left - on the right - on the ground floor - on the first, second,... floor - on the way - on the chair (sit) - on the radio - on television - on a horse - on the corner of a street - on the back / front of a letter / piece of paper etc. 2) TO - INTO - BY TO INTO We say go / come / travel / fly / walk / return / drive / have been etc. to a place or event: We say go into / come into etc. = enter a room / building etc.: Last year we flew to London. We went to work at seven. He opened the door and went into the room. BY We say by to say how we travel: We went to Paris by plane. I usually go to work by bike / by car / by underground / by bus BUT: we say on foot we cannot use by if you say my car / the train / a taxi Then use in for taxis and cars. Then use on for bike / public transport.
THE PLURAL (DIE MEHRZAHL)
Singular + s parrot – parrots apple – apples girl – girs Words ending with y if a consonant is written before. -----> ies lolly – lollies story – stories strawberry – strawberies But: boy – boys toy - toys bay - bays Words ending with ch, x, s, sh, o -----> es class – classes brush – brushes box – boxes Some words ending with f, fe, lf -----> ves knife – knives wolf – wolves life – lives But: chiefs, safes, cliffs, handkerchiefs Irregular forms man - men woman - women tooth - teeth goose - geese ox - oxen louse - lice foot - feet mouse - mice child - children
THE PAST TENSE Regular verbs
How to form: Infinitive (=1st form) + ed = 2nd form
Examples: walk + ed walked
laugh + ed laughed want + ed wanted Note: cry cried y → i carry carried y → i love loved no e hope hoped stop stopped if you speak a short vowel → doubling drop dropped Key words: yesterday, last week (month, Monday, October,...), in 1984, ago
Negation: didn't (= did not) + 1st form He didn't go to her last party. They didn't like his story. BUT: was not (wasn't), were not (weren't), could not (couldn't)
Question: did + 1st form Did he go to her last party? Did they like his story? BUT: Was he angry? Were they late? Could they swim?
Irregular verbs
Examples: 1st form 2nd form 1st form 2nd form
am, is was see saw are were do did get got take took go went have had
IRREGULAR VERBS LIST
Infinitive (1st form) Past simple (2nd form) Past participle (3rd form)
(to) be (I)was, (you) were been am is was been are were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burn burned/burnt burned/burnt buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lead led led learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood overtake overtook overtaken pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken spell spelt spelt spend spent spent split split split spoil spoilt spoilt spread spread spread stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum take (away) took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood upset upset upset wake up woke up woken up wear wore worn win won won write wrote written
PAST PROGRESSIVE
How to use: I, he, she, it was (not) + ing-form was (not) working you, we, they were (not) + ing-form were (not) working 1. shows that an action in the past lasted a long time. 2. If an action happened while another action took place. We use the past simple for the short action and the past progressive for the long action. 3. Two past actions happen at the same time.
Key words: while , when
Examples:
What were they doing yesterday?
While I was repairing my bike she was watering the flowers. He was watching TV while she was reading a book. PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE long action long action
When Tom was cooking he burnt his hand. PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST SIMPLE long action short action
NO PROGRESSIVE FORM WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBS
love know like understand hate realize dislike recognize be think want last wish possess need have see mean look remember smell forgive hear belong prefer forget refuse notice desire own adore feel care believe
PAST PERFECT
If you tell a story it's sometimes necessary to tell about actions that had happened before the past tense. To express the time when these actions happened you have to use the past perfect.
How to form: had (not) + 3rd form
Key words: after, before
Examples: She needed help because someone had stolen her car. He passed the test because he had studied a lot. After she had done her homework she visited me. When I came home they had already eaten. They had sold everything before they moved to Glasgow.
IRREGULAR VERBS LIST Infinitive (1st form) Past participle (3rd form) (to) be been am is been are been beat beaten become become begin begun blow blown break broken bring brought build built burn burned/burnt buy bought catch caught choose chosen come come cost cost cut cut dig dug do done draw drawn dream dreamt/dreamed drink drunk drive driven eat eaten fall fallen feed fed feel felt fight fought find found fly flown forget forgotten forgive forgiven freeze frozen get got give given go gone grow grown hang hung have had hear heard hide hidden hit hit hold held hurt hurt keep kept know known lead led learn learnt (learned) leave left lend lent let let lie lain lose lost make made mean meant meet met misunderstand misunderstood overtake overtaken pay paid put put quit quit read read ride ridden ring rung rise risen run run say said see seen sell sold send sent set set shake shaken shine shone shoot shot show shown shut shut sing sung sink sunk sit sat sleep slept smell smelt speak spoken spell spelt spend spent split split spoil spoilt spread spread stand stood steal stolen swim swum take (away) taken teach taught tell told think thought throw thrown understand understood upset upset wake up woken up wear worn win won write written
THE PASSIVE How the passive is formed: SUBJECT FORM OF TO BE + 3rd FORM ADVERB, ... The room is cleaned every day. They are sold as pets. A lot of guests are invited to a party. Put an active sentence into a passive one: Subject Verb Object Active: Bats eat insects.
Passive: Insects are eaten by bats. Subject Verb by Agent
Subject Verb Object Active: Tom saw the burglers
Passive: The burglers were seen by Tom Subject Verb by Agent
Subject of the active sentence → Agent of the passive sentence Object of the active sentence → Subject of the passive sentence
Tenses:
Tense Active Passive (form of to be + 3rd form) Present tense invite / see am / is / are invited / seen Past tense invited / saw was / were invited / seen Future tense will invite / see will be invited / seen Present perfect tense have / has invited / seen have / has been invited / seen Past perfect tense had invited / seen had been invited / seen WORD ORDER Where do we put an adverb in an English sentence? Yesterday Nick bought a pair of skies in Innsbruck. In Innsbruck Nick bought a pair of skies yesterday. He bought a pair of skies He practiced hard on a ski slope yesterday. In the morning he always has lessons on a ski slope After dinner he usually meets a friend at the bar
Adverb of place, time Subject Adverb of indefinite time Predicate (verb) Object Adverb of manner Adverb of place Adverb of time NOTE: If there are two adverbs of time the preciser one is first!! Example: He is going to have a skiing lesson at 10 a.m. on Monday. NOTE: A verb is sometimes two or more words! Then the adverb of indefinite time has to be put between them: verb 1 adverb verb 2 I can never remember his name. Ann doesn’t usually smoke Are you definitely going to the party? Your car has probably been stolen He has never tried skiing NOTE: Adverbs of indefinite time go before have to! Example: We always have to wait a long time for the bus. NOTE: Adverbs of indefinite time go after am, is, are, was, were! Example: You are never on time.
THE WILL FUTURE
How to form: will + infinitive (=1st form) They will be late. / He will come.
Short form: will = 'll They'll be late. / He'll come. Negation: will not = won't They will not be late / He won't come. Question: Will .... ? Will they be late? / Will he come?
Key words: tomorrow, next week (month, year, summer, Monday, weekend,...), in 2020... Examples:I think I will meet her tomorrow.I hope he will be back before 9.30. I think I'll be there at five. TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 1st form / he, she, it + s // they go , he goes am / is / are + verb + ing // I am going
with habits and general statements to express when something is happening at the moment key words: always, often, usually, every, never, generally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, sometimes, normally key words: look, listen, now, at the moment
SOME (somebody, something) - ANY (anybody, anything)
We use some und any with uncountable things.
SOME: 1. In sentences you expect a positive answer and demands I bought some very nice postcards. Give me some orange juice, please. 2. In polite questions or pleading
Would you like some more coffee? Do we have some time to go to the cinema?
ANY: 1. In questions Have you got any blue shoes?
2. In negations No, I haven´t got any. 3. In conditional clauses If I had any, I would wear them. REPORTED (= INDIRECT) SPEECH
Direct speech Indirect speech Direct Speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple go went
Present progressive Past progressive am/is/are going was/were going
Past simple Past perfect went had gone
Past progressive Past perfect progressive was/were going had been going
Present perfect simple Past perfect has/have gone had gone
Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive has/have been going had been going
Future Conditional I will go would go Example: Peter said: "Carol is a nice girl." Peter said (that) Carol was a nice girl. Examples: Susan said: "My parents are clever scientists."
Susan said (that) her parents were clever scientists. Tom said: "I like PE best." Tom said (that) he liked PE best. They said: "We went swimming with our friends." They said (that) they had gone swimming with their friend. Betty said: "Sam told me the truth." Betty said (that) Sam had told her the truth.
Direct speech Indirect speech She said I - my - me she - her - her He said I - my - me he - his - him They said they - their - them we - our - us
You and your:
They told her / him / me / them / us: "George loves you."
They told her / him / me / them / us (that) George loved her / him / me / them / us. They told her / him / me / them / us: "George loves your sister." They told her / him / me / them / us (that) George loved her / his / my / their / our sister. They told her / him / me / them / us: "You are clever." They told her / him / me / them / us (that) she / he / I / they / we was / were clever. Direct speech Indirect speech Time now then today that day yesterday the day before tomorrow the next / following day last week, month,... the previous week, month,... next week, month,... the following week, month,... Place here there this that these those
PRESENT TENSE
That's the way to express habits, facts, thoughts and feelings. It is used with general statements and actions that happen sometimes, always, usually,... Key words: often,always,never,everyday,month,...,usually,sometimes,generally,normally, rarely,seldom,whenever,on Mondays,Tuesdays,...
NEGATION (VERNEINUNG) NEGATION: TO BE, CAN, MUST
I, YOU + PLURAL DON’T + VERB VERB + NOT They go to school. They don’t go to school. They are not (aren't) at home. I like oranges. I don’t like oranges. We are not (isn't) at school. We hate peppermint. We don’t hate peppermint. I am not (I'm not) hungry. You have a cold. You don’t have a cold. We can not (cannot) swim. Monkeys (= They) eat bananas. Monkeys don’t eat snakes. I must not go out. Bob and I (= We) go shopping. Bob and I don’t go shopping. Jim and Carol (=They) sing a song. Jim and Carol don’t sing a song. HE, SHE, IT + S DOESN’T + VERB VERB + NOT He wants an ice-cream. He doesn’t want an ice cream. She is not (isn't) at school. She likes hot dogs. She doesn’t like hot dogs. It is not (isn't) hungry. It drinks milk. It doesn’t drink milk. He can not (can't) sing. The dog (= It) hates cats. The dog doesn’t hate cats. Ann (= She) hates chewing gums. Ann doesn’t hate chewing gum. Bob (= He) speaks English. Bob doesn’t speak German. NOTE - es after - s / - ch / - sh Examples: passes - watches - finishes - ies after - y Examples: study - studies / carry - carries also: do - does / go - goes / have - has
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
How to form: I am + verb + ing I am playing.
he, she, it is + verb + ing The bird is singing. you, we, they are + verb + ing We are dancing.
Shows an action which is happening when you are talking. (Zeigt an, dass eine Handlung gerade jetzt im Augenblick des Sprechens vor sich geht.)
Key words: look, listen, now, at the moment, still, at present
Note: take taking no e make making e fällt weg run running When a short vowel is spoken → doubling of the consonant sit sitting Nach kurzem Selbstlaut lie lying ie → y
Examples: Look, Ann is running down the street.
She is sleeping now. Listen, I'm talking to you!
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
How to form: I, you, we, they have (not) + been + ing form I have been waiting
he, she, it has (not) + been + ing form she has been working
Is used when a long action has started in the past and has just ended or is still happening. We express how long the action happened. The verbs have to express an action which can be happen a long time. Key words: all day , how long , for, since
Examples: I have been working all day. She has been watching TV since 7.30. Nick has been lying in bed for two days.- He is still in bed or has just got up. She has been working since 4 o'clock. She is still working or she has just stopped working. How long have they been playing?
NO PROGRESSIVE FORM WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBS
love know
like understand hate realize dislike recognize be think want last wish possess need have see mean look remember smell forgive hear belong prefer forget refuse notice desire own adore feel care believe
